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Iran–European Union relations
Iran–European Union relations have been strained in the early 2010s by the dispute over the Iranian nuclear program. The European Union along with United States have imposed sanctions against Iran over the controversies around Iranian nuclear program. These sanctions which have been described as the toughest EU sanctions imposed against any other country by European officials were last strengthened on 15 October 2012 within by the EU Council.〔Haidar, J.I., 2015."(Sanctions and Exports Deflection: Evidence from Iran )," Paris School of Economics, University of Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne, Mimeo〕
==Nuclear program==
The EU supports the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, which entered into force on 5 March 1970. Iran ratified this treaty assuring the international community that it will use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.
In 2003, it was discovered by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) that Iran is conducting secret activities with nuclear materials. Iran’s refusal to cooperate proactively with the IAEA and its resistance to report to the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) led to a diplomatic effort by the European council and its three members France, Germany and the United Kingdom to resolve this issue through negotiations. They were joined in 2004 by the EU High Representative, and thus offering support by all EU members. Subsequently in 2005 and 2006, extensive proposals to facilitate peaceful nuclear energy usage were again presented to the Iranian authorities. Even with the support of China, Russia and the United States through these proposals, Iran could not be convinced to follow the requests by the IAEA. As a result, four resolutions (N° 1696, 1737, 1747 and 1803) were put in place by the United Nations Security Council: they demanded to suspend all Uranium-235 enrichment and heavy water activities and restricted acquisition of nuclear and ballistic materials by Iran. Those policies were reiterated in 2008 by the EU.〔European Union External Action. (Iran’s nuclear programme ). Retrieved 26 December 2013〕
The continuing refusal by Iranian authority to make clear declarations and to allow sufficient inspections of their nuclear facilities then convinced the EU to enforce additional sanctions on civilian goods and services such as financial activities and energy sector technologies. In 2012, an oil embargo and restrictive financial boycotts were enforced by the EU, in addition to UN sanctions against Iran. It was not until December 8, 2013, when Iranian authorities based on a historic deal reached in Geneva on November 24, 2013 with the so-called P5+1 group (Britain, China, France, Russia, the United States, and Germany)〔(Iran, World Powers Reach 'Historic' Nuclear Agreement ). Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. Retrieved 26 December 2013.〕 allowed UN nuclear inspectors to visit a heavy water facility after announcing that plutonium enrichment has been suspended.〔(In wake of Geneva deal: UN nuclear inspectors begin rare visit to Iran nuclear facility ). Haaretz December 8, 2013.〕 The deal will put Uranium enrichment by Iran on hold for at least eight months, and is paving the way for direct talks between the US and the Islamic Republic. Additionally, Iran is required to dilute existing enriched Uranium stockpiles to a concentration of 20%. While the economic boycotts and material restriction are still in place, a step by step reduction of these embargoes by the EU will likely be implemented.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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